Can a modern house learn to make decisions on its own, can it fulfill all the whims of the owner, like a fabulous genie? Thanks to new modern technologies, this fairy tale is gradually becoming a part of our real life. We have long been accustomed to such small miracles as turning on the light when a person passes, automatically opening doors when entering a supermarket, etc.
Some things have become so familiar to us that we have ceased to notice them, we take them for granted. At present, these systems have gone far from conventional automation, they have become “intelligent”. And this is quite justified, since a modern house can ensure not only the automatic functioning of engineering equipment in a given mode (maintain an optimal indoor climate, a given temperature or air quality, notify about the arrival of guests, etc.), but also take care of its own the owner, for example, to heat food and brew coffee not at a certain time, but precisely to his awakening. These “miracles” became possible thanks to the corresponding development of electronics and technology.
Let’s take a look at what a smart home can currently do, what functions it is already capable of. The modern smart home can now be entrusted with the following:
economical disposal of electrical energy, both in each individual room and throughout the house (ventilation, heating and lighting control),
shutters and blinds control
opening doors using a special electronic key (magnetic reading),
support for the functionality of a number of devices during power outages of the electrical network,
closing or opening roof windows depending on weather conditions,
control of a number of devices located outside the house: gate, garage door, fountain, cameras, garden irrigation system, etc.
A smart home can be taught to manage almost everything, it all depends on the desires and financial capabilities of its owner.
The main element of the intelligent system responsible for its functioning is the central control panel (CPU). Various cables are connected to this remote control from sensors located outside and inside the house (sensors for light, motion, humidity, pressure, temperature, etc.). Special cables are laid from the CPU to all controlled equipment and devices that are connected to the system: to radiators, boiler, fans, blinds, lighting lamps, roller shutters, garage doors, intercom, etc. Control and signal cables form a communication highway. The operation of individual devices can be controlled both manually and remotely from a special remote control, and in some cases from a mobile phone. When designing a “smart home” system, it is necessary, first of all, to outline for yourself a specific list of what you ultimately want to receive from this intelligent system.
After that, a working draft is drawn up, which should contain the following main parts:
functional diagram of the planned system, which has a description of the principle of operation of each of its nodes,
cable laying and equipment placement scheme,
complete list of required equipment. After that, the optimal location of the central control panel of the house system is determined.
It is necessary not only to route the cables from the sensors to the chosen place, but also to connect the telephone line, power supply, the input of the video surveillance system, cable television, as well as the cable of the RTV antenna.
The system configuration can be any, it is determined by the consumer at his own discretion. So, from the central control panel, if necessary, you can de-energize one of the rooms, connect or disconnect the telephone or television signal, and also make other changes to the configuration. Individual appliances and devices at home have connections to the CPU, from which they are directly controlled. Typically, these systems have a connection to the global Internet, which allows the owner, being far from home, to remotely monitor everything that happens in the house and in the yard, make various adjustments to the home management program. It is best to lay data exchange lines (communication and instrument control lines) in the process of designing a house.
If you want to deploy a smart home system in an already built and renovated house without “mutilating” the walls, then a wireless communication system is best. In this case, the data exchange between the nodes of the system (between the central control panel, executive and controlling devices) will occur using a radio channel.
Such systems use a low-power radio signal (thousands of times weaker than in a mobile phone) with a range of up to several tens of meters. It has a coded frequency, which allows it to provide sufficient protection against hacking, and also does not interfere with the systems of neighboring houses at all. Blinds and shutters control. In order for automatic control of roller shutters (lowering and raising) and blinds (adjustment and opening), it is necessary that a light sensor be installed outside. In addition, to control the presence of people in the house and the level of illumination, motion and light sensors in the house should be installed.
The system, after conducting a comprehensive analysis of the signal from all these sensors and comparing it with the embedded program through the central control panel, gives commands to bring the blinds and roller shutters to a certain position. So, for example, in the morning, when there is activity in the house, the roller blinds begin to rise automatically, and the blinds will take the optimal position to provide the necessary illumination. At dusk, the shutters will automatically close. In addition, a special wind sensor can be placed outside the house, which measures the speed of its flow, which, in case of strong wind, can give a signal through the CPU to close the shutters.
Turning on and off the light. In modern intelligent systems, it is possible to control indoor and outdoor lighting. To do this, a human presence sensor and a room light sensor are installed in each room, and on the street (outside the room) a light sensor that controls the arrival of twilight. The CPU constantly analyzes data from these sensors and optimally controls the lighting in the house and on the street (turning off and on the light, changing its intensity, and can also maintain the required level of illumination throughout the day). When using modern multifunctional switches in the lighting control system, it is possible to reduce their total number.
So, for example, one of the buttons can turn off and turn on the light in different areas of the room, holding it in a certain position, the required time, releasing it at a specified moment, and use the other button to control the illumination of the selected zone. The control of light and illumination level using a remote control has become very popular. In addition, the system can be configured in such a way that when there are no people in the house after a set period of time, the lighting (internal or external) turns on and off, thereby creating the illusion of the presence of people inside the house. The lighting control system can also be set to turn the garden and yard lights on and off automatically based on light or traffic. Management of garage and entrance gates. Everyone who constantly travels by car is faced with the inconvenience of getting out of the car to open and close the gate, this is especially unpleasant during heavy rain.
The solution to this problem can be automatic gates controlled by a special remote control. The gate can be controlled both with the help of magnetic keys and in a non-contact way (radio key fobs). Protection from thieves. The smart home system can also take care of security. The installed ultrasonic and microphone sensors, as well as infrared radiation sensors, can, in the event of a violation of the security of the house, turn on frightening light and sound signals, report via radio signal or telephone to the appropriate security service, as well as neighbors or owners who are away from their home.
If the attackers previously de-energized the house, then the system will turn on emergency power from backup sources. If this system is connected to a personal computer, then on the monitor screen you can view all the premises, and follow the diagrams to track a specific room or zone of security violation. The software of the “smart home” system allows you to determine the nature of the threat by color, visually analyze it. So, red is an alarm, yellow is emergency situations, and white is various other incidents. If there is no connected computer in the system, and the data is output to the security console, then the corresponding signal lamps will signal security violations.
Kak pravilo, dannuyu sistemu osnashchayut videokamerami i arkhivatorom, v etom sluchaye s pomoshch’yu monitorov mozhno prosmatrivat’ vso proiskhodyashcheye v dome i na prilegayushchey territorii, a takzhe pri neobkhodimosti prosmatrivat’ raneye sdelannyye zapisi. Sistema zashchity ot pozhara. Dlya togo chtoby realizovat’ dannuyu vozmozhnost’ neobkhodimo ustanovit’ v dome datchiki temperatury i dyma.Dannyye s etikh datchikov peredayutsya na TSPU, tam informatsiya obrabatyvayetsya i pri ugroze pozhara vypolnyayetsya konkretnoye, programmno zalozhennoye, deystviye. Sovmestno s sistemoy zashchity ot pozhara v dome montiruyut sistemu pozharotusheniya, k primeru, potolochnyye orositeli. Pri obnaruzhenii dyma i vysokoy temperatury, skazhem na kukhne pri vklyuchennoy dukhovke i plite, signal peredayetsya k TSPU, kotoryy proizvedet otklyucheniye elektropitaniya v dannoy komnate i podast signal trevogi. Yesli v dannoy komnate temperatura budet i dal’she podymat’sya i prevysit’ kriticheskiy uroven’, to eto privedet k srabatyvaniyu sistema pozharotusheniya, vklyuchat’sya potolochnyye orositeli i vso prostranstvo komnaty zapolnitsya vodnym tumanom. Zashchita oborudovaniya ot peregreva. Dlya zashchity oborudovaniya ot peregreva, kak pravilo, v neposredstvennoy blizosti ot priborov bol’shoy moshchnosti ustanavlivayutsya spetsial’nyye datchiki temperatury. V sluchai yesli oni zafiksirovali prevysheniye temperatury vyshe ustanovlennogo predela, to oni vyklyuchayut podachu toka k dannomu ustroystvu i vklyuchayut opovestitel’nyy signal trevogi. Zashchita ot zalivaniya stokami i vodoy. Dlya zashchity doma ot zalivaniya vodoy i stokami ispol’zuyut spetsial’nyye datchiki, kotoryye ustanavlivayut vdol’ vsey sistemy kanalizatsii i vodosnabzheniya. V sluchaye poyavleniya protechki s dannogo datchika cherez TSPU postupayet signal na ustanovlennyy v vodyanom vvode elektromagnitnyy klapan, kotoryy srazu zhe perekroyet pritok vody i vklyuchit signal trevogi. Krome etogo datchiki urovnya zhidkosti ustanavlivayu v septike (rezervuare dlya stokov), kotoryy postoyanno kontroliruyet uroven’ yego napolneniya. V sluchaye yesli uroven’ stokov podymayetsya do maksimal’noy otmetki, to signal s datchika cherez TSPU dast komandu elektromagnitnomu klapanu perekryt’ pritok vody, chtoby predotvratit’ perepolneniye vodnogo rezervuara. Kontrol’ dostupa v pomeshcheniye.Dannaya sistema poluchila bol’shuyu populyarnost’ v osnovnom na predpriyatiyakh, v ofisnykh pomeshcheniyakh i gostinitsakh, no ne smotrya na eto mozhet byt’ polezna v chastnykh domakh v vide avtorizovannogo dostupa k domashnemu ofisu ili kabinetu. Dannaya sistema osnovana na dostupe s pomoshch’yu spetsial’nykh ustroystv, kotoryye mogut razreshat’ ili zapreshchat’ posetitelyam dostup k konkretnomu pomeshcheniyu. Pri otkrytii i zakrytiye dverey vremya i schitannyye dannyye s elektronnykh klyuchey sokhranyayutsya v zhurnale registratsii komp’yutera sistemy. Eti dannyye mogut v lyuboy moment byt’ zaprosheny i pri neobkhodimosti raspechatany. V sluchaye yesli dver’ v takoye pomeshcheniye budet otkryta dlitel’nyy period vremeni ili v pomeshcheniye proniknet chelovek, ne imeyushchiy sootvetstvuyushchego dostupa, sistema otreagiruyet vklyucheniyem signala trevogi.
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As a rule, this system is equipped with video cameras and an archiver, in this case, using monitors, you can view everything that happens in the house and in the surrounding area, as well as, if necessary, view previously made records.
Fire protection system. In order to implement this feature, it is necessary to install temperature and smoke sensors in the house. The data from these sensors is transmitted to the CPU, where the information is processed and, in the event of a fire threat, a specific, programmatic action is performed. Together with the fire protection system in the house, a fire extinguishing system is installed, for example, ceiling sprinklers. When smoke and high temperatures are detected, say in the kitchen with the oven and stove turned on, a signal is transmitted to the CPU, which will cut off the power supply in this room and give an alarm. If the temperature in this room continues to rise and exceed the critical level, this will lead to the fire extinguishing system, the ceiling sprinklers will turn on and the entire space of the room will be filled with water mist.
Protection of equipment from overheating. To protect equipment from overheating, as a rule, special temperature sensors are installed in the immediate vicinity of high-power devices. In cases where they have recorded an excess of temperature above the set limit, they turn off the current supply to this device and turn on the alarm signal.
Protection against flooding with drains and water. To protect the house from flooding with water and drains, special sensors are used that are installed along the entire sewerage and water supply system. In the event of a leak from this sensor, a signal is sent through the CPU to the solenoid valve installed in the water inlet, which will immediately shut off the water inflow and turn on the alarm. In addition, I install liquid level sensors in a septic tank (sewage tank), which constantly monitors the level of its filling. If the effluent level rises to the maximum level, then the signal from the sensor through the CPU will command the solenoid valve to shut off the water inflow to prevent the water reservoir from overflowing.
Access control to the premises. This system has gained great popularity mainly in enterprises, office buildings and hotels, but despite this it can be useful in private homes in the form of authorized access to a home office or office. This system is based on access using special devices that can allow or deny visitors access to a particular room. When the doors are opened and closed, the time and read data from the electronic keys are stored in the logbook of the system computer.
This data can be requested at any time and printed if necessary. If the door to such a room is left open for a long period of time or a person who does not have proper access enters the room, the system will respond by turning on an alarm.
Power supply control. If for any reason there is a power outage in the house, then the operation of the computer and the life support system at home will be automatically switched to power from a special device – an uninterruptible power supply.
If necessary, the smart home system can be equipped with a backup generator that will start automatically and will be able to ensure the functioning of all home systems for a fairly long period of time.
Heating control. In order for this system to work effectively, it is necessary that the house be equipped with outdoor and indoor temperature sensors, window opening sensors and a presence sensor. All information from these sensors is processed by the central control panel, compared with the parameters embedded in it.
The CPU controls the electrically driven solenoid valves located on the heater radiators via a communication channel, thereby regulating the temperature of the coolant. Other heating devices and heating systems, such as underfloor heating or warm walls, can be controlled in a similar way.
Air quality control. In order to monitor indoor air quality, it is necessary to install sensors for humidity and carbon dioxide concentration. If, for any reason, the concentration of carbon dioxide exceeds the permissible limits (a large number of people in a closed room), then, at the signal of the sensor, the central control panel will give a command to turn on the forced ventilation or air conditioning system, thereby ensuring sufficient ventilation of the room. If the house does not have a forced air conditioning or ventilation system, then the CPA will warn you about the need to ventilate the room.
Watering the garden. The “smart home” system will be indispensable in the garden. So, watering the garden can be carried out using a sprinkler system specially hidden in the ground. The light sensor connected to the garden irrigation system will turn on the water supply at dusk and turn it off after a certain time or when a moisture sensor is triggered, which is placed in the soil. If a number of motion sensors are connected to the garden irrigation system, then when a person is in the irrigation zone, the rain system will automatically turn off this zone. Automatic pet feeding system. This automatic feeding system can help the owners in case of their long absence, she will not forget to feed the pets at the set time.
Summing up, we can say that the installation of an intelligent home system will cost the owner quite a lot, but at the same time it can significantly save on electricity, heating, provide convenience, safety and comfort to all its inhabitants.