Walling.
There are several technologies for building walls, but for any material used in this case, general structural requirements are imposed – geometric correctness of shape, verticality in plan, rigid connection of the external and internal elements of the wall. All erected wall openings (door, window, interior arched) must have reinforcement or lintels that can withstand the load from the structure located above it.
Particular attention should be paid to protecting the wall from moisture, to the effective removal of moisture condensed inside it. To a greater extent, the danger is not the surface effect of moisture (splashes from rain), but capillary action, which comes from the ground through the elements of the foundation or basement. Therefore, take seriously the need for horizontal waterproofing of the wall from the basement or foundation.
During the construction of multilayer walls, where there are materials with different degrees of thermal conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion and vapor permeability, delamination of materials may occur at the joints of the layers in such walls. This is due to the fact that, having different physical and technical properties, moisture condenses inside the layers, which causes the destruction of the walls from the inside. In order to prevent this type of destruction, strictly follow the recommendations of specialists regarding the thickness of the material layers, the method of their connection to each other, as well as the correctness of their installation. Fulfillment of these requirements will allow not only to ensure low thermal conductivity of the multilayer wall, but also to give it strength, reliability and durability.
When building walls from shell rock or aerated concrete, many do not produce reinforcement, which is a big mistake. This material has a low degree of strength and when exposed to a large weight of reinforced concrete floors during operation (not immediately!) It can be deformed, cracks and chips can form on its surface. To eliminate this defect, if you still made this mistake, you must immediately reinforce the walls in accordance with the recommendations of specialists (in each individual case, there may be various ways to strengthen the walls – metal supports, additional brickwork in the form of columns, etc.) . In addition, beacons are installed in the places of cracks, and the dynamics of crack growth is constantly monitored. If the destruction process was stopped, then the cracks must be repaired with a special solution. In order to prevent such errors, it is recommended to reinforce long walls, install lintels in openings, and also, in order to distribute the load from the ceilings, make a monolithic reinforced concrete belt along the base and perimeter of the wall.
Often, in the construction of walls, especially external ones, wall material with different thermal conductivity is used. So in the case of erecting walls from ceramic blocks or aerated concrete, inserts are made of brick or concrete. In these sections of the wall, which have a greater thermal conductivity than the entire structure, moisture condenses, and as a result, the wall freezes and collapses. If such a wall has already been built, then it is recommended that these sections be additionally insulated from the outside in order to equalize the degree of thermal conductivity with the rest of the wall. If, nevertheless, during construction it is not possible to avoid foreign inclusions, then it is recommended to install these elements indoors, and mount additional insulation outside. Also, during construction, it is advised to use not reinforced concrete lintels, but special lintels made of the same material as the walls, but with special reinforcing inserts.
In some cases, on insulated walls with a “wet” finish (using decorative plaster), T-shaped and vertical cracks begin to form on the facade, and later peeling of the plaster and wetting of the insulation begin. The cause of this problem is a careless attitude during the installation of insulation boards. When insulating the facade, pay special attention to the installation of the insulation. The insulation must be laid with a certain spacing of the seams, tightly fastening the plates to each other, without leaving cracks and gaps. Trimming of plates must be carried out at a right angle with even, not torn, edges.
When performing facade cladding with facade bricks, tiles or stone, it is necessary to ensure that the cladding layer is securely attached to the load-bearing wall. If the need for fastening is ignored, then you will not be able to avoid the collapse of the facing layer. Over time, the facing layer from vibration, seasonal expansion-compression will move away from the bearing wall and collapse.
When performing finishing work, strictly follow the recommendations of specialists. So, when facing with a front facade brick, it is recommended to use anchors made of stainless or galvanized steel as a connector, as well as a special mesh, while the connections must have some mobility and flexibility to lateral movements.
When installing doors and windows in a wall box, pay special attention to the fact that they must be placed in the so-called. “zero temperatures”. In other words, if a window or door is moved as far as possible to the outside (to the outer surface of the wall) along the thickness of the wall, then in winter the temperature on the surface of the box will be much lower than on the rest of the surface, as a result of condensation, freezing and large heat losses. When erecting walls overhanging the plinth and foundations, pay special attention to ensure that the overhang of the wall is not too large (no more than 7 cm). Excessive overhang can cause cracks and cracks, since it is the lower rows of bricks that transfer the load-bearing load from walls, ceilings and roofs to the foundation.
At the final stage of wall construction, do not forget to make a high-quality reinforcing belt around the entire perimeter of the cranked (attic) wall. It is best if this crown will have a continuous structure around the entire perimeter of the top of the walls. If the crown on the attic wall is not performed, then it can be destroyed from the load transferred from the roof structure to the walls and floors of the lower floor.
Cover installation.
Depending on the types of floors used, they have a different installation technology, which must be strictly observed. One of the general rules is that it is necessary to align the floors along the plane of the ceiling of the lower floor, since it is this that gives the spatial rigidity of the structure of the whole house. The points of connection between the ceiling and the walls are usually rigidly connected by welding, concreting or fixing with anchors.
It is strictly forbidden to punch any holes in the slabs that are not provided for by the project (you can damage the stiffeners or reinforced floor reinforcement), shorten or trim, and overload it in excess of the limit during installation (sometimes during storage they stack a large number of slabs one by one, forgetting about the maximum permissible loads of floors).
The most common mistake during installation is the reduction, in comparison with the design, of the area of support of the floor slab on the wall. In this case, there is a deflection or even collapse of the ceiling, the formation of cracks on the ceiling and in the walls. If, nevertheless, the deflection could not be avoided, then it is necessary, after consulting with a specialist, to take measures to reduce the load on the plate, as well as to strengthen it. To avoid problems with the installation of floors, it is necessary to strictly follow all the requirements of the working project of the house, use only the types and sizes of floors indicated in it, adhere to the installation and fastening technology.
When installing a certain number of concrete slabs in one plane, it is necessary not to forget about the presence of expansion joints between the slabs specified in the project. If you perform the installation, ignoring them, then during the operation of the building, the concrete slabs from thermal expansion can be deformed and partially destroyed. This is especially true in cases where there are heated and unheated premises on the same plane (for example, living rooms and a garage).
If a chimney of a self-supporting structure passes through the ceiling, then it should not have stationary connections with the ceiling. Along the perimeter of this pipe, in the place of its passage through the ceiling, it is necessary to make an expansion joint, which will perceive the deformations that occur during temperature changes. The expansion joint is usually filled with a non-combustible elastic thermal insulation material such as mineral wool. If the ceiling and the chimney are rigidly connected to each other, then during thermal deformation, cracks will form and the plaster will be destroyed at the junction.
We wish you all successful construction!