A well-landscaped yard is very different from just a nice yard or a beautiful garden. The main key to success is the careful study and design of all details. You don’t need to strive to bring to life all currently known concepts. Choose for yourself the most functional and necessary elements of landscape architecture. One of the main and fundamental elements of the arrangement of the site, no doubt, is the correct layout of paths and sites, on which, in the end, the convenience of movement throughout the territory will depend. In addition to the correct layout, its material also affects the ease of movement, functionality and durability of the tracks. Most importantly, the type of material chosen and the construction of the tracks correspond to the planned functionality.
So, when arranging paths for walking people and driving vehicles, the arrangement of the substrate and layers of paving will be different.
In addition to their direct functional purpose, the paths in the yard also perform an aesthetic function, becoming one of the elements of garden architecture.
The correct selection of the material for covering the tracks can not only emphasize the dignity of the vegetation growing in the yard, but also become a decoration item. When planning the main path that leads from the house to the main entrance or the entrance of the car, it is not necessary to lay it along the shortest path, as it will become dominant in the overall composition, standing out from the entire composition. It is best to perform long tracks in a soft wave-like shape. The straightness of the track is justified if it is not long or it runs along the edge of the site. When designing paths in the garden, first of all, you need to take care of accessibility to all indoor garden objects (recreation area, playground, pond, fountain, summer kitchen, etc.). If the area of the garden is relatively large, they must be designed in such a way that they connect adjacent corners of the garden, provide easy access to recreational areas and interesting compositions. If the garden has a small area, then, as a rule, one space for relaxation is planned, and one discreet path goes through the garden. What color and what shape the path will be in your garden all depends on your imagination and taste.
So, for example, a path made of “yellow” brick looks fabulous, a sidewalk made of sandstone or granite slabs has a natural look, a narrow gravel path not only contrasts perfectly with plants, but invites you to take a walk, and a path made of gray paving slabs not only not striking, but will be an excellent background for your plants.
What kind of material to choose?
One of the most elegant and durable materials is natural stone. As a material for paving, chipped or cut slabs, cobblestones (pebbles) or paving stones are most often used. One of the most durable materials is basalt, granite, serpentinite or syenite. They have high strength, do not absorb moisture, are frost-resistant and resistant to mechanical abrasion. Limestones and sandstones are also widely used in landscape design. They have a softer structure and absorb moisture more, they are easy to handle when laying, but harder to keep clean. Concrete pavements are relatively cheap. They have less durability, less aesthetically pleasing.
V nastoyashcheye vremya v prodazhe v shirokom assortimente predstavleny razlichnyye izdeliya iz betona: trotuarnaya plitka, krupnoformatnyye plity, figurnyye elementy moshcheniya. Oni imeyut mnozhestvo razmerov, form, struktur i tsvetov. Sushchestvuyut figurnyye elementy moshcheniya, polnost’yu emitiruyushchiye kamennuyu mostovuyu ili kamennyye plity. Osoboye vnimaniye zasluzhivayut FEMy s litsevoy poverkhnost’yu, pokrytoy granitnoy ili bazal’tovoy kroshkoy. Dlya obustroystva peshekhodnykh trotuarov i sadovykh dorozhek tolshchiny plitki v 4 sm dolzhno vpolne khvatit’. Yesli planiruyemaya ploshchadka ili dorozhka predusmatrivayet nagruzku ot avtomobiley, to tolshchina plitki dolzhna byt’ kak minimum 6 sm, a luchshe vsego — 10 sm. Shirokoye primeneniye v kachestve materiala dlya moshcheniya poluchila keramika, a tochneye spetsial’nyy klinkernyy kirpich. Klinkernyy kirpich obladayet nizkim urovnem vodopogloshcheniya, dolgovechnost’yu, ustoychivost’yu k udaram i istiraniyu, ne vytsvetayet pod deystviyem pryamogo solnechnogo sveta i atmosfernykh osadkov. Klinkernyy kamen’ dlya moshcheniya mostovykh imeyet, kak pravilo, tolshchinu 4,5 sm (peshekhodnyye zony) i 5,3 sm (dlya dvizheniya avtotransporta). Dlya sadovykh dorozhek s nebol’shimi ekspluatatsionnymi nagruzkami podoydet boleye poristyy i meneye plotnyy stroitel’nyy kirpich. On imeyet men’shuyu tsenu, v bol’shem ob”yeme pogloshchayet vlagu, bystreye razrushayetsya, no pri etom pridast landshaftu spetsificheskiy nepovtorimyy «antikvarnyy» stil’. V kachestve pokrytiya dlya dorozhek mozhet takzhe podoyti i obychnyy shcheben’. Graviynoye pokrytiye v sochetanii s zelen’yu sada vyglyadit dovol’no yestestvenno, pri etom udachno sochetayas’ s elementami sadovoy arkhitektury i rasteniyami. Takzhe on otlichno podoydet dlya ploshchadok otdykha, avtomobil’nykh pod”yezdnykh dorozhek. Odnim iz usloviy vysokoy iznosostoykosti yavlyayetsya primeneniye kamney s nepravil’noy formoy i ostrymi krayami (gal’ka, shcheben’, graviy). V protsesse obustroystva pokrytiya sleduyet tshchatel’no utrambovyvat’ sloy za sloyem. Dazhe vypolniv graviynoye pokrytiye dolzhnym obrazom, na vysokom urovne, ono bystreye razrushit’sya, chem drugiye. Ono trebuyet postoyannogo ukhoda i obsluzhivaniya (podsypka, uplotneniye, udaleniye sornyakov). Yeshche odnim iz natural’nykh materialov dlya ustroystva sadovykh dorozhek yavlyayetsya drevesina. Derevyannyye pokrytiya imeyut blagorodnyy vneshniy vid, otlichno sochetayutsya s razlichnymi vidami otdelochnykh materialov i rasteniyami. Iz derevyannykh elementov mozhno vypolnit’ dorozhki, terrasy, ploshchadki dlya otdykha v sadu. Pri montazhe derevyannykh elementov ikh ne stoit ukladyvat’ v plotnuyu, tak kak pri namokanii oni razbukhayut. Odnim iz nedostatkov yavlyayetsya yeyo vysokaya «skol’zkost’» pri namokanii. S tsel’yu predotvratit’ skol’zheniye inogda ispol’zuyut derevyannyye elementy s riflenoy poverkhnost’yu. Pered montazhom vse derevyannyye elementy dolzhny byt’ obrabotany spetsial’nymi zashchitnymi sredstvami (luchshe vsego v zavodskikh usloviyakh pod vysokim davleniyem), a v protivnom sluchaye oni razrushat’sya, i pridut v negodnost’ uzhe cherez paru sezonov. Odnimi iz samykh dolgovechnykh porod derev’yev schitayut dub, tik, bangkiriy. Dannyye sorta drevesiny obladayut vysokoy ustoychivost’yu k atmosfernomu vozdeystviyu, imeyut vysokuyu tverdost’, ne trebuyut impregnatsii. Spetsial’nymi sredstvami ikh neobkhodimo obrabatyvat’ tol’ko dlya togo, chtoby so vremenem oni ne vytsveli i ne poteryali svoy natural’nyy tsvet. Dlya obustroystva sadovykh dorozhek v natural’nom stile otlichno podoydut gruntovyye pokrytiya. Dlya togo chtoby gruntovoye pokrytiye bylo kachestvennym v yego sostave dolzhno soderzhat’sya okolo 70% peska i 30% gliny. Yesli na Vashem uchastke grunt imeyet peschanuyu strukturu, to k nemu neobkhodimo dobavit’ spetsial’nuyu molotuyu sushenuyu glinu (mozhno priobresti na kirpichnom zavode); yesli struktura pochvy glinistaya — dobavlyayut sukhoy pesok. Vse komponenty neobkhodimo smeshat’ s gruntom na glubinu okolo 15 sm i tshchatel’no utrambovat’. Pri planirovanii dorozhek na uchastke s peschano-glinistym gruntom predvaritel’no neobkhodimo formu dorozhki vyrezat’ mini-greyderom ili spetsial’nym zastupom, a poverkhnost’ obrazovavsheysya vyyemki utrambovat’. Dorozhki dolzhny imet’ nebol’shoy uklon ot tsentra k krayam (1-2%) dlya obespecheniya effektivnogo stoka vody. Poverkhnostnost’ takikh dorozhek mozhno dekorirovat’ s pomoshch’yu peska, melkogo molotogo kamnya razlichnykh tsvetov. Dolgovechnost’ gruntovykh dorozhek ochen’ nizkaya, poetomu oni trebuyut osoboy berezhnosti v ekspluatatsii i postoyannogo ukhoda.
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Currently, various concrete products are on sale in a wide range: paving slabs, large-format slabs, curly paving elements. They come in a variety of sizes, shapes, textures and colors. There are curly paving elements that completely imitate stone pavement or stone slabs. Particular attention deserves FEMs with a front surface covered with granite or basalt chips. For the arrangement of pedestrian sidewalks and garden paths, a tile thickness of 4 cm should be enough. If the planned site or path provides for the load from cars, then the thickness of the tile should be at least 6 cm, and best of all – 10 cm.
Ceramics, or rather special clinker bricks, have been widely used as a material for paving. Clinker brick has a low level of water absorption, durability, resistance to impact and abrasion, does not fade under direct sunlight and precipitation. Clinker stone for pavement paving is usually 4.5 cm thick (pedestrian areas) and 5.3 cm thick (for vehicular traffic). For garden paths with low operating loads, a more porous and less dense building brick is suitable.
It has a lower price, absorbs moisture in a larger volume, collapses faster, but at the same time it will give the landscape a specific unique “antique” style. Ordinary gravel can also be used as a coating for paths. The gravel in combination with the greenery of the garden looks quite natural, while successfully combining with elements of garden architecture and plants. It is also perfect for recreation areas, car driveways. One of the conditions for high wear resistance is the use of stones with irregular shape and sharp edges (pebbles, crushed stone, gravel). In the process of arranging the coating should be carefully compacted layer by layer. Even if gravel is done properly, to a high standard, it will break down faster than others. It requires constant care and maintenance (bedding, compaction, weed removal).
Another natural material for garden paths is wood. Wooden coatings have a noble appearance, go well with various types of finishing materials and plants. From wooden elements, you can make paths, terraces, areas for relaxing in the garden. When installing wooden elements, they should not be laid tightly, as they swell when wet. One of the disadvantages is its high “slipperiness” when wet. In order to prevent slipping, wooden elements with a corrugated surface are sometimes used. Before installation, all wooden elements must be treated with special protective agents (preferably in the factory under high pressure), otherwise they will collapse and become unusable after a couple of seasons. Some of the most durable tree species are oak, teak, bangkiri. These types of wood are highly resistant to weathering, have high hardness, and do not require impregnation.
They need to be treated with special means only so that over time they do not fade and lose their natural color. Ground coverings are perfect for arranging garden paths in a natural style. In order for the primer to be of high quality, its composition should contain about 70% sand and 30% clay. If the soil on your site has a sandy structure, then you need to add special ground dried clay to it (available at a brick factory); if the soil structure is clayey, dry sand is added. All components must be mixed with the soil to a depth of about 15 cm and carefully compacted. When planning paths on a site with sandy-clay soil, it is first necessary to cut out the shape of the path with a mini-grader or a special spade, and tamp the surface of the resulting recess. The paths should have a slight slope from the center to the edges (1-2%) to ensure efficient water flow. The surface of such paths can be decorated with sand, fine ground stone of various colors. The durability of unpaved paths is very low, so they require special care in operation and constant care.
After you decide on the shape and material of the track, we proceed to its arrangement. First of all, it is necessary to determine the boundary of the planned coverage. Then we remove the upper fertile layer. We dig a pit, level its base in the horizon and carefully tamp it down. The depth of the pit depends on the type of paving used and can range from 25 to 45 cm. We lay curbs. First of all, the presence of borders is necessary when arranging paths using soil, gravel or other small elements (chipped stone, brick, paving stones), as well as if a large load on its surface is foreseen (vehicle entry). As borders, you can use paving slabs, ready-made curb stones, clinker bricks, wooden or stone elements, tape material (plastic, galvanized). Each of the layers of the base of the track must be compacted with great care.
For additional strengthening of each layer of crushed stone, it is necessary to plan a mixture of cement and sand (ratio 1:12) 2-3 cm thick over the entire surface and spill it with water. This will help fill even small voids between rubble. In addition, the type of soil on the site also depends on the method of arranging the track. So, for example, in a section with permeable soils, where water quickly seeps through the soil, there is no need to lay a special drainage layer under the track, and on impermeable soils, drainage is one of the mandatory conditions for the design. When arranging paths for pedestrians, the total thickness under the coating is in the range of 10–20 cm of coarse crushed stone or gravel, and to cover roads for vehicular traffic, at least 10 cm of a drainage layer and 10–20 cm of a bearing layer of gravel or crushed stone are required.
And finally, when arranging the tracks, follow these recommendations:
the optimal width of the sidewalk path has a size of at least 0.8 meters, and in the places of entry of motor transport – 3 meters,
on all paths, regardless of their purpose, the surface must be smooth with longitudinal and transverse slopes (from 2 to 5%) for effective rainwater runoff,
the paths located in the immediate vicinity of the flower beds should be slightly raised above the ground, so that the earth will not constantly fall on it,
paving places for paths that have a common border with the lawn must be carried out at the same level, which will facilitate mowing the lawn.
We hope that our advice will help you choose the best paving material for paving paths and patios in the yard, which will emphasize the beauty and originality of your garden or yard, as well as the style of your home.