When building a house, it is necessary to take into account the following parameters:
Determine the type of soil, terrain and relief, to what depth the soil freezes, at what level of groundwater, the number of floors of construction and the load during operation, all this will allow you to determine and select the type of foundation that can be applied in this case.
It must be borne in mind that in the first time after the building is put into operation, under the pressure of the loads of all, the soil will continue to shrink. This will most likely cause the foundation to settle by some amount. In order for shrinkage not to exceed certain norms, it is necessary to calculate in advance the bearing capacity of the base structure. All these shrinkage data are calculated before construction starts and should be included in the construction design of the structure.
A lot depends on the soil, the foundation where the house is built. The ability of a given soil to withstand design loads, and, accordingly, the ability of the foundation to withstand the load of the entire structure. Prevention of the appearance of cracks, distortions, deformations and, accordingly, the possible collapse of the elements of the building or the entire structure as a whole. There are two types of shrinkage: shrinkage as a result of drying and shrinkage associated with temperature changes, compression or expansion.
The prevention of cracks in walls, both load-bearing and non-bearing, must be done with the help of seams. Such seams perform the role of both shrinkage and temperature:
– Stretching masonry at the intersection, not bandaged;
– The masonry is stretched along the intersection, tied up;
– Masonry stretches when bending at the intersection, tied;
As we know, almost all objects (liquid, gaseous, solid) expand (increase) during heating, and, on the contrary, decrease in size during cooling. In order to compensate for linear expansions in such large objects as houses, bridges, railway rails, expansion joints are made.
The temperature seam protects against the occurrence of cracks during deformation. How large these deformations are must be judged from the following data: houses built of stone about 20 meters long can become shorter by about 10 millimeters in summer at an external temperature of up to 20 degrees Celsius, in winter at an external temperature of up to -20 degrees Celsius. Celsius is the opposite.
When building a house with the use of facing bricks, which can have the following technical parameters, moisture absorption of not more than 6-8%, branded strength from M150, Frost resistance F 50 and above, the following recommendations must be observed:
- Unpacking pallets with material approximately 5-8 days before its use. This procedure is performed in order to remove excess, excess moisture. For maximum drying of bricks before use.
- For arranging, facing the socles of buildings, ensure the use of solid bricks.
- It is advisable to lay the first row of facing bricks with a poke, from a whole brick. It is also recommended to use bonder rows every 4-5 tray rows. The lining masonry must be tied with a row of bonders or anchors, or a relief belt must be used.
- Armopoyas (unloading belt) is intended to increase the resistance of the structure to deforming loads.
- Such loads include: uneven soil settlement, uneven structure shrinkage, wind loads, daily and seasonal temperature changes. When dressing with a poke, the depth of the masonry should be at least 120 millimeters.
- The device of vertical expansion joints after about 4-5 meters from the foundation to the roof.
- Desirable (mandatory) reinforcement with masonry mesh facing and rough, internal masonry. The masonry mesh should be with a cell size of at least 50 * 50 millimeters, a wire diameter of 4 millimeters. The masonry mesh is used along the perimeter and connects the supporting and cladding structure. You can use special anchors of about 6 pieces per square meter.
- Reinforcement facing and load-bearing masonry in 4-5 rows.
- Laying no more than 5 rows of bricks per day, to prevent compression of the solution by the upper rows of bricks.
- The lower rows of masonry are laid on waterproofing.
- The use of a hard solution with optimal density, so that the solution does not float.
- The first row is laid with a thickness of at least 10 millimeters.
- Application of the solution over the entire spoon surface of the brick, as well as maximum application on the bond side and sealing of vertical and horizontal joints.
- The thickness of the seam varies depending on the situation 6-15 millimeters. It is advisable to perform a tub with a seam that does not reach the edge of 5-10 millimeters.
- The preparation of the mortar should be carried out immediately before the masonry itself to preserve all its properties. The use of high-quality slag-free cement grade no less than 500.
- Brick below the brand is not recommended to be placed in the base of the masonry.
- Rainy and frosty weather should be excluded for masonry work.
- Completed fresh masonry should be covered with a plastic film on top to protect it from the effects of the external environment and uniform drying of the masonry.
- Do not allow water to get on fresh masonry and, in general, on a fresh wall.
If you use our recommendations correctly, you can avoid many problems. Apply these recommendations and your built house will bring joy to you and your loved ones for many years to come.